Aboveground
Abiotic factors have traditionally been viewed as dominating the ecology of high altitudes, including the alpine forest. Sunlight, temperature, water, and gas-phase nutrients (e.g., CO2 and O2) can vary substantially with altitude, regional climate, and orographics (e.g., maritime vs. continental mountain ranges). In addition, many factors influencing leaf energy balance and temperature may also vary with elevation, including solar and long-wave radiation, wind, and ambient humidity. Probably, the best-known abiotic change with increasing elevation is the decline in air temperature in response to lower ambient pressure. Ambient pressure decreases by over 20% at 2 km and over 50% at 6 km, leading to a maximum, dry adiabatic lapse potential of 1.0 °C/100 m. Simulated dry (8.0 °C km−1) versus wet (3.0 °C km−1) lapse conditions resulted in a more rapid decline in air temperature with altitude for both winter and summer temperatures. Also, dry lapse conditions in summer generated similarly cold air temperatures at higher elevations (>4 km) that were very near values computed for wet lapse conditions during winter (Figure 5b). Similar dry and wet lapse rates of 7.5 °C km−1 and 5.5 °C km−1, respectively, have been used previously to evaluate transpiration potential for plants growing on mountains of temperate and tropical zones.
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